The interaction of current collectors and contact lines and the issue of interference with railway-owned and third-party installations are dealt vvith in special chapters. The structure and contents of this book reflect this systematic approach: It contains a detailed description of all existing alternating-current and directcurrent systems, the basic requirements that these impose on contact lines and the essential characteristics of the two basic designs: overhead contact lines and contact rails. A thorough analysis of these requirements and corresponding satisfactory design measures are prerequisites for reliable and economical operation of contact lines and of railways in general. The contact line designs must be adapted to the respective technical and operational requirements of the different railway electrification systems, the diversity of which has broadened considerably especially with the development of high-speed railway traffic. It is the interface between fixed installations and moving energy consumers, i. A contact line is an essential component of all electric railway traction energy supply systems.
It is our sincere hope that the publication of the presented papers and dis cussions in these Proceedings will help all those active in cardiac pacing to answer some of their problems and to improve the treatment of pacemaker patients.C t Lin f I ti ii Planning Design Implementationįoreword The publication of "Fahrleitungen elektrischer Balmen" in English gives the international railway engineering community access to a work which, since its first edition in 1997, has achieved the status of a standard reference in German-speaking regions. A Round Table on the organisation of the Pacemaker clinic closed this friendly and animated meeting.
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Mter a survey ofthe various follow-up systems a series of presentations deals for the first time with the possibilities and difficulties of the application of com puters in cardiac pacing. Pacemaker electrocar diography and the application of cardiac stimulation in various types oftachyar rhythmias formed two clinically oriented sessions. This all converged in a Round Table on the choice of the electrode-pacemaker combination. The surveys on electrodes, especially the fixation mechanisms and the atrial electrodes, initiated an animated discussion. Besides controversial papers on indications for temporary and long-term pacing, new technical developments were presented in Brussels, where for the first time the important lithium battery manufacturers demonstrated their data. It was different from previous meetings as it had no surveys or summaries on patient series but instead it focused on controversial subjects that have emerged from pacing in the past and on new developments for the future. The Pacemaker Colloquium organised in Brussels April 21st and 22nd 1977 was such a meeting. The increasing number of pacemaker patients correlates with the number of pacemaker meetings that attract physicians and medical engineers entering this expanding branch of medicine.
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